Published by
AMERICAN ACADEMIC PRESS
Summary
Contents Brief introduction I Preamble 1 Chapter 1 The Axiomatic System of the New Physics 6 Axiom 1: The Axiom of the Absolute Frame of Reference 6 Axiom 2: Axiom of Absoluteness of Time Difference ∆t 6 Axiom 3: Axiom of the smallest energy element 6 Theorem 3-1 6 Theorem 3-2 7 Theorem 3-3 7 Axiom 4: Axiom of invariance of the speed of light for the energy element εh 7 Theorem 4-1 7 Theorem 4-2 7 Theorem 4-3 8 Theorem 4-4 8 Theorem 4-5 8 Theorem 4-6 9 Theorem 4-7 9 Theorem 4-8 10 Axiom 5: Directional force axiom for the energy element εh 11 Theorem 5-1 11 Theorem 5-2 11 Theorem 5-3 11 Theorem 5-4 12 Axiom 6: Axiom of conservation of the vortex field 12 Chapter 2 The Earth's orbit around the Sun is an "eggshell curve" 13 2.1 The orbit in which the Sun and Earth revolve around the barycenter O of the solar system 13 2.1.1 Model of the Sun and Earth orbiting simultaneously around the barycenter O of the solar system 13 2.1.2 The distance from the center O of mass to the Earth and the Sun are respectively RO and RS 15 2.1.3 Distance between the center O of mass and the Earth and the Sun at the moments of perihelion and aphelion 15 2.1.4 Orbits and perimeters of the Earth's orbits around the center O of mass 17 2.1.5 Orbits of the Earth around the Sun and Perimeters of Orbits 18 2.1.6 Orbital perimeter of the Moon around the center of mass O' of the Earth-Moon system 19 2.2 The orbit of the Earth around the center O of mass of the solar system is an "eggshell curve" 20 2.2.1 "Tangential velocity vO", "Radial velocity vOR" and "Transverse velocity vOφ" of the Earth's revolution around the center O of mass of the Solar System 20 2.2.2 The tangential velocities vO of perihelion and aphelion are perpendicular to the distance RO of the two points from the center of mass O 22 2.2.3 The orbit of the Earth around its center O of mass is an "eggshell curve" 24 2.3 Velocity and centripetal force of the Earth's rotation around the center O of mass 25 2.3.1 Relationship between tangential velocity vO1 and v1 at Earth's perihelion 25 2.3.2 Tangential velocity vO and mean velocity vO ̃ of the Earth's revolution around the center O of mass 26 2.3.3 The centripetal force FvO of the Earth's rotation around the center O of mass consists of two components 27 2.4 The orbit of the sun around the center O of mass of the solar system is an "eggshell curve" 28 2.4.1 The tangential velocity vS of the sun's rotation around the center O of mass can be decomposed into a radial velocity vSR and a transverse velocity vSφ 28 2.4.2 Tangential velocity at perigee and apogee of the Sun perpendicular to the distance from the center O of mass to the Sun 29 2.4.3 The orbit of the Sun around the center O of mass of the solar system is an "eggshell orbit" 30 2.4.4 Relationship between the tangential velocity vS1 of the Sun's perigee and the tangential velocity v1 of the Earth's perihelion 31 2.4.5 The ratio of the tangential velocity vO and the tangential velocity vS of the Earth and the Sun revolving around the center O of mass of the solar system is a constant 32 2.4.6 The tangential velocity vO of the Earth's revolution around the center O of mass is parallel to the tangential velocity vS of the Sun's revolution around the center O of mass of the solar system 33 2.5 Earth's Orbit around the Sun and Centripetal Force 34 2.5.1 Radial velocity vr and transverse velocity vφ of the Earth's orbit around the Sun 34 2.5.2 Relationship between tangential velocity v, radial velocity vr, and transverse velocity vφ of the Earth's orbit around the Sun 35 2.5.3 Tangential velocity v1 perpendicular to perihelion at distance r1 from Earth to Sun 36 2.5.4 The Earth's orbit around the Sun is an "eggshell" curve 37 2.5.5 The centripetal force Fv of the Earth's orbit around the Sun can be decomposed into two components 40 2.5.6 The center of the circle of curvature at perihelion and aphelion of an elliptical orbit is neither the Sun nor the center O of mass 41 Chapter 3 The causes of gravitational changes 43 3.1 The velocity of the Earth around the center O of mass and the velocity of the Earth around the Sun 43 3.1.1 Relationship between the tangential velocity vO of the Earth's orbit around the center O of mass and the tangential velocity v of the Earth's orbit around the Sun 43 3.1.2 Equation for the velocity of the earth around the sun 44 3.1.3 Mean velocity of the Earth's orbit around the center O of mass vO ̃ and mean velocity of the Earth's orbit around the Sun v ̃ ̃ 44 3.1.4 Relationship between the perihelion and aphelion velocities v1 and v2 of the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the Earth's rotation period T 45 3.1.5 Mean velocity of the Earth's orbit around the Sun v ̃ in agreement with actual observations 46 3.2 Derivation of the tangential angular momentum conservation theorem 47 3.2.1 Nature of Kepler's Third Law (Periodic Law) 47 3.2.2 Newton's Formula for Universal Gravitational Contradicts the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum 48 3.2.3 Derivation of the tangential angular momentum conservation theorem 50 3.3 As the center O of mass moves in the Earth's orbital plane OXY, the distance R0 from the center O of mass to the Earth will vary periodically 51 3.3.1 When the center O of mass is at rest, the orbit of the Earth around the center O of mass is circular 51 3.3.2 If the motion of the center O of mass is perpendicular to the plane OXY of the Earth's orbit, then the Earth's orbit around the center O of mass is a spiral orbit of constant radius R0 52 3.3.3 Velocities of the Solar System center O of mass and the Earth in the Galactic Frame of reference 53 3.3.4 Reasons why the distance RO from the Earth to the center O of mass increases when the Earth moves in an orbit above the horizontal line AB 54 3.3.5 Reasons why the distance RO from the Earth to the center O of mass decreases when the Earth moves in an orbit below the horizontal line AB 55 3.4 Causes of periodic variations in the gravitational force F between the planets and the Sun 56 3.4.1 Angle β between the velocity vCZ' (Z-axis) and the velocity vCXY' in the galactic reference frame 56 3.4.2 The reason why the gravitational force F between the Earth and the Sun decreases as the Earth moves in an orbit above the horizontal line AB 57 3.4.3 The reason why the gravitational force F between the Earth and the Sun increases as the Earth moves in an orbit below the horizontal line AB 60 3.5 Reasons why the eight planets of the solar system orbit the sun on the same thin plane 62 3.5.1 Planetary Orbit Stabilization Formulas 62 3.5.2 Velocity vCXY' in the planetary orbital plane OXY 64 3.5.3 Reasons why the planets of the solar system all orbit the sun in the same plane 65 Chapter 4 Newton's Formula for Gravitational Contradicts the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy 67 4.1 The centripetal force Fv' at the perihelion and aphelion of an elliptical orbit is not equal to the gravitational force F 67 4.1.1 The gravitational force F between the Earth and the center O of mass can be decomposed into the tangential gravitational force fOv and the normal gravitational force fOn 67 4.1.2 The normal gravitational force fn of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, is equal to the normal gravitational force fOn of the Earth's orbit around the center of mass 69 4.1.3 Perihelion centripetal force Fv1 and aphelion centripetal force Fv2 of the Earth's orbit around the Sun 71 4.1.4 The centripetal forces at perihelion and aphelion of the Earth's elliptical orbit are not part of the centripetal force of the Earth's revolution about the center O of mass of the solar system, nor are they part of the centripetal force of the Earth's revolution about the Sun 73 4.1.5 The centripetal force Fv1' at the perihelion and Fv2' at the aphelion of an elliptical orbit does not satisfy the centripetal force equation 74 4.2 Kinetic energy of the Sun and Earth in revolution about the center O of mass 75 4.2.1 The kinetic energy Ev of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is greater than the kinetic energy EvO of the Earth's orbit around the center O of mass of the solar system 75 4.2.2 Sum EO of the kinetic energies of the Sun and the Earth revolving around the center of mass O 75 4.2.3 The difference value ∆Ev in kinetic energy between the perihelion and aphelion of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, is greater than the difference value ∆EvO in kinetic energy between the perihelion and aphelion of the Earth's orbit around the center O of mass of the solar system 76 4.2.4 The kinetic energy of the Earth around the Sun is greater than the sum of the kinetic energies of the Sun and the Earth around the center O of mass 76 4.3 Newton's Formula for Universal Gravitation Contradicts the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy 77 4.3.1 The mechanical energy W1 at perihelion of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, is equal to the mechanical energy W2 at aphelion 77 4.3.2 Elliptical orbits do not obey the law of conservation of mechanical energy 78 4.3.3 Mechanical energy of the Sun and Earth in revolution around the center of mass O 78 4.3.4 Newton's Formula for Universal Gravitation Contradicts the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy 79 Chapter 5 Conservation theorem for tangential angular momentum 81 5.1 Tangential angular momentum Hv of the Earth around the Sun 81 5.1.1 Definition of tangential angular momentum Hv 81 5.1.2 Position and direction of tangential angular momentum Hv 82 5.1.3 Tangential angular momentum HvO of the Earth around the center O of mass of the solar system 83 5.1.4 Tangential angular momentum HS of the Sun in revolution about the center O of mass of the solar system 85 5.1.5 The sum HO of the tangential angular momentum of the Sun and Earth revolving around the center O of mass of the solar system 85 5.1.6 Tangential angular momentum Hv of the Earth around the Sun 86 5.2 Conservation equation for tangential angular momentum 87 5.2.1 Tangential angular momentum Hv1 at perihelion of the Earth's orbit around the Sun 87 5.2.2 Conservation equation for tangential angular momentum 88 5.2.3 Equation of conservation of tangential angular momentum for a system of mass points 89 5.2.4 Equation for the conservation of tangential angular momentum of a mass mi rotating about a center of mass O 89 5.3 Equation for the conservation of tangential angular momentum for the Sun and Earth orbiting the center O of mass of the solar system 90 5.3.1 Equation of conservation of tangential angular momentum for the rotation of the Earth around the center O of mass of the Solar System 90 5.3.2 Conservation formulas for the tangential angular momentum of the Sun and Earth revolving around the center O of mass of the solar system 91 5.3.3 The tangential angular momentum at perihelion and aphelion satisfies the conservation equation for tangential angular momentum 91 5.3.4 Angular momentum at perihelion and aphelion of elliptical orbits Failure to satisfy the conservation of angular momentum formula 93 5.4 Equation for the conservation of tangential angular momentum in the solar system 94 5.4.1 Tangential velocity vSi of the synthetic sun MSi around the center O of mass of the solar system 94 5.4.2 Sum HOi of the tangential angular momentum of the synthetic sun MSi and planet mi around the center O of mass of the solar system 95 5.4.3 Equation for the conservation of tangential angular momentum in the solar system revolving around the center of mass O 96 5.4.4 Conservation formula for the sum of the tangential angular momentum of the synthetic Sun MSA and Planet mA 97 5.4.5 Tangential angular momentum per unit mass of the solar system hO 97 5.4.6 Tangential angular momentum hO possessed by a unit mass in cosmic space 98 Chapter 6 Derivation of the New Gravitational Formula 99 6.1 Derive a new formula for gravitational based on the orbits of the planets around the center O of mass of the solar system 99 6.1.1 Derivation of a new gravitational formula 99 6.1.2 Derivation of the conservation formula for tangential angular momentum 101 6.1.3 The conservation of angular momentum is false 101 6.1.4 Physical Implications of the Gravitational Constant K 101 6.1.5 The mass m of the Earth is recalculated on the basis of the new gravitational formula 102 6.2 Mechanical energy WO = 0 of motion of the Sun and Earth around the center O of mass of the solar system 104 6.2.1 Negative work EK due to gravitational force 104 6.2.2 Mechanical energy WO of the Sun and Earth in motion around the center O of mass of the solar system 104 6.2.3 The new gravitational force formula is consistent with the conservation of mechanical energy formula 105 6.2.4 Mechanical energy WO = 0 for the motion of the Sun and Earth around the center O of mass of the solar system 106 6.2.5 The law of conservation of angular momentum contradicts the law of conservation of mechanical energy 107 6.3 Newton's gravitational constant G is a variable, not a constant 107 6.3.1 Orbits of spacecraft do not conform to Newton's formula for gravitational 107 6.3.2 Measurements of the universal gravitational constant G are always subject to large errors 108 6.3.3 Newton's gravitational constant G is a variable, not a constant 108 6.3.4 Four results due to the gravitational constant G being a variable 109 6.3.5 The Casimir effect as a manifestation of gravitational in the microscopic realm 112 6.3.6 Newton's law of gravitational does not apply to microscopic particles moving at high speeds 113 Chapter 7 Sources of an Object's Mass m 115 7.1 Spiral speed of light conservation formula for energy element εh 115 7.1.1 Axiom of invariant speed of light for energy element εh 115 7.1.2 Difference between the new speed of light invariance theorem and the speed of light invariance principle of special relativity 116 7.1.3 Spiral speed of light conservation equation for the energy element εh 117 7.2 Sources of mass m of an object 119 7.2.1 Derivation of a new mass-energy conversion equation 119 7.2.2 Mass mh of the energy element εh 121 7.2.3 The mass m of an object in modern physics has two sources 122 7.2.4 The internal rotational motion of the energy element εh is responsible for the formation of the mass m of an object 122 7.3 New mass velocity equation 124 7.3.1 Equation for the decomposition of the mass mi of an elementary particle 124 7.3.2 New mass velocity equation 124 7.3.3 The assumption that the rest mass mc0 = 0 of a photon is wrong 126 Chapter 8 Deriving New External Force Formulas 127 8.1 The external force Fc can be decomposed into a displacement force Fv and an internal rotational force Fω 127 8.1.1 Helical light speed momentum Pc, displacement momentum Pv, and internal rotation momentum Pω of an object 127 8.1.2 Force F in Newton's second law is displacement force Fv 128 8.1.3 Direction of internal rotational acceleration aω, opposite to direction of displacement acceleration a 128 8.1.4 Relationship Between Displacement Force Fv and Internal Rotational Force Fω of an Object 129 8.2 Deriving a new formula for external forces 129 8.2.1 External forces in the cosmic vacuum frame of reference F 129 8.2.2 Acceleration Equations for Inertial Frames of reference 130 8.2.3 Inertial mass of an object mF 132 Chapter 9 Deriving a New Formula for Gravitational 134 9.1 Definition of an equiangular helical field 134 9.1.1 Conservation formula for an equiangular helical field 134 9.1.2 Polar angles of equiangular helical fields 135 9.1.3 Definition of an Equiangular Helix Field 137 9.1.4 Integration of the vortex potential y along the circular line LR=2πR 137 9.1.5 Wang's circular crown SW =2πrR 138 9.2 Physical meaning of the positive and negative pole angles ±β of an equiangular helical field 140 9.2.1 Derivation of the Formula for the Polar Angle of an Equiangular Helical Field 140 9.2.2 Physical meaning of the positive and negative pole angles ±β of an equiangular helical field 141 9.2.3 Vortex fields of different substances have different minimum unit lengths lm 143 9.2.4 Integration of the polar angle β along the circular line LR=2πR 144 9.3 Derivation of the gravitational field strength equation 146 9.3.1 Definition of gravitational field 146 9.3.2 Formula for the polar angle of a gravitational field 146 9.3.3 Derivation of the gravitational field density equation 148 9.3.4 Gravitational field density J is not gravitational potential UW 149 9.3.5 Derivation of the new gravitational potential equation 150 9.3.6 Derivation of a new formula for the strength of the gravitational field 151 9.4 New formula for universal gravitation 153 9.4.1 Derivation of the new gravitational formula 153 9.4.2 Strong nuclear forces in atomic nuclei can be explained by the new formula for gravitational 154 9.4.3 Reasons why light waves can travel long distances 155 9.4.4 Reasons why the energy element εh can move in a circle around the center of an elementary particle 156 9.4.5 New formula for calculating the Astronomical Unit of a planet to the Sun 156 Chapter 10 Derivation of the wave equation for gravitational 158 10.1 The dynamic gravitational force F can be decomposed into three gravitational components 158 10.1.1 The dynamic gravitational force F can be decomposed into three gravitational components 158 10.1.2 The internal rotating gravitational force Fω between the moving masses m1 and m2 158 10.1.3 The displacement gravitation Fv between the moving masses m1 and m2 159 10.1.4 Displaced internal rotational gravitational Fvω between displaced mass mv and internal rotating mass mω 160 10.1.5 The bending of light rays in the gravitational field can be explained by the displacement internal rotation gravitational force Fvω 161 10.2 Dynamic Gravitational Potential U and Dynamic Gravitational Field Strength E 161 10.2.1 The dynamic gravitational potential U can be decomposed into two components 161 10.2.2 Rotational gravitational field strength Eω and displacement gravitational field strength Ev 162 10.2.3 Equation for the gravitational field strength flux ΦE 163 10.3 Line-mass kinematic potential of the gravitational field εLE 164 10.3.1 Definition of mass motion potential ε 164 10.3.2 The integral of the time-varying gravitational field strength Et over the curve L is equal to the mass-motion potential ε 164 10.3.3 Line-mass kinematic potential of a gravitational field εLE 165 10.4 Derivation of the induction formula for gravitational fields 166 10.4.1 Mathematical expression for the strength of the time-varying gravitational field strength Et of the 166 10.4.2 Surface-mass kinematic potential of a gravitational field εSE 168 10.4.3 Derivation of the Gravitational Field Induction Formula 169 10.5 Derivation of the gravitational wave equation 171 10.5.1 Divergence ∇∙Et = 0 of the time-varying gravitational field Et 171 10.5.2 Wave equation for the strength of the gravitational field 171 10.5.3 Fluctuations in gravitational F and fluctuations in curved spacetime are two different concepts 172 10.5.4 Scientists have experimentally determined that a changing gravitational field propagates at the speed of light c 173 Chapter 11 Interference experiments with one-way light paths prove that the special relativity principle of constant speed of light is not consistent with objective facts 174 11.1 Theoretical basis for unidirectional optical path interference experiments 174 11.1.1 Structure of helium-neon lasers 174 11.1.2 Structure of parallel-plane resonant cavities 176 11.1.3 Conditions under which two columns of light waves A and B overlap to produce interference fringes 177 11.2 Structure and optical path of front and rear aperture laser interferometers 177 11.2.1 Structure of front and rear aperture lasers 177 11.2.2 Optical paths of the front and rear aperture laser interferometers 178 11.2.3 Definitions of the cosmic vacuum frame of reference, the Newtonian ground frame of reference, and the Einsteinian ground frame of reference 179 11.3 Experimental results predicted by the Newtonian ground frame of reference 180 11.3.1 Three methods for calculating the number of interference fringe moves 180 11.3.2 Optical path difference value ∆LA← when the initial direction of the light beam A is opposite to the direction of the velocity v 181 11.3.3 Optical path length difference value ∆LA→ when the direction of the light beam A is the same as the direction of the velocity v 182 11.3.4 In the Newtonian ground frame of reference, the largest interference striped movement value n 183 11.3.5 Length contraction effects are negligible in interference experiments with one-way optical paths 183 11.3.6 Experimental results predicted by the Newtonian ground frame of reference 184 11.4 Experimental results of Einsteinian ground reference frame predictions 185 11.4.1 Optical path difference value ∆LA←‴ when the initial direction of the light beam A is opposite to the direction of the velocity v 185 11.4.2 Maximum number of moves of interference fringes n‴ in a Einsteinian ground frame of reference 186 11.4.3 If the interferometer is rotated 900, then the maximum number of movements of the interference fringes is n⍊‴ 187 11.5 Verification of the principle of invariance of the speed of light with a two-aperture laser interferometer 188 11.5.1 Structure and optical path of a double-aperture laser interferometer 188 11.5.2 Optical path length difference value ∆LA→ when the direction of light beam A is the same as the direction of velocity v 190 11.5.3 Optical path length difference value ∆LA← when the direction of light beam A is opposite to the direction of velocity v 191 11.5.4 Experimental results predicted by the Newtonian ground frame of reference 191 11.5.5 Experimental results of Einsteinian ground reference frame predictions 193 Chapter 12 Verification of the speed-of-light invariance principle for special relativity with long and short optical path Michelson interferometers 194 12.1 The zero result of the Michelson-Morley experiment is independent of the velocity v 194 12.1.1 Lengths of transverse and longitudinal optical paths for the Michaelison-Morley experiment 194 12.1.2 Maximum number of moves of interference fringes in the Newtonian ground frame of reference n 196 12.1.3 Zero result of the Michelson-Morley experiment independent of ground velocity v 196 12.2 The null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment equals the prediction of Einstein's ground reference frame 197 12.2.1 Special relativity distorts Lorentz's length contraction equation 197 12.2.2 The null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment equals the prediction of Einstein's ground reference frame 199 12.3 Verification of the principle of invariance of the speed of light with a long and short optical path interferometer 199 12.3.1 Difference ∆LB↔ in length between long optical path B and short optical path A when long optical path B is parallel to the velocity v 199 12.3.2 When the long optical path B is perpendicular to the velocity v, the length difference ∆LB↨ between the long optical path B and the short optical path A 200 12.3.3 Experimental results predicted by the Newtonian ground reference system 201 12.3.4 Length difference ∆LB↔‴ between the long optical path B and the short optical path A in the Einstein ground frame of reference 203 12.3.5 Experimental results predicted by Einstein's ground reference frame 203 Chapter 13 Mechanisms of Electron Formation 205 13.1 Universal gravitational force F between photon masses mc1 and mc2 205 13.1.1 The internal rotational gravitational force Fω between the photon masses mc1 and mc2 is equal to 0, i.e. Fω=0 205 13.1.2 Displacement gravitational force Fv between photon masses mc1 and mc2 206 13.1.3 Displacement-internal rotating gravitational force Fvω between displaced mass mv and internal rotating mass mω 206 13.1.4 Universal gravitational force Fc between photon masses mcA and mcB 207 13.1.5 The gravitational force Fc of a photon possesses particle properties 207 13.2 Universal gravitational force Fh between two energy elements εh 208 13.2.1 The mass mh of an energy element can be decomposed into an internal rotational mass mhω and a displacement mass mhv 208 13.2.2 Universal gravitational force Fh between two energy elements εh 209 13.2.3 The gravitational force Fh between energy elements εh has a particle nature 210 13.3 A photon is a plane composed of a certain number of energy elements εh 211 13.3.1 Number of energy elements εh contained in the energy εc of a photon n=β∙1s 211 13.3.2 A photon is an energy plane consisting of energy elements εh 213 13.3.3 Number of energy elements εh contained in a transverse length l0 and a longitudinal length b 214 13.3.4 The energy of a photon εc=hβ is a plane with neat vertical and horizontal alignments 215 13.3.5 Difference between the energy plane of low-energy photons and that of high-energy photons 216 13.4 Energy planes of low-energy γ photons can be bent and rolled into hollow circular energy tubes 217 13.4.1 The energy plane of one high-energy γ photon can be fissioned into the energy planes of two low-energy γ photons 217 13.4.2 Lead nuclei cut the energy plane of a high-energy γ photon into the energy planes of two low-energy γ photons 218 13.4.3 The electron is a hollow circular energy tube 219 13.4.4 The energy element εh always moves inside the electron at the spiral speed of light c 221 13.4.5 Spiral speed of light conservation formula in the S' inertial system 222 13.5 Derivation of the formula for the energy element directional force fεh 223 13.5.1 The energy element εh contains within it the rotational energy element εhω and the displacement energy element εhv 223 13.5.2 The directional force fεh of the energy element εh contains within it the rotational directional force fεhω and the displacement directional force fεhv 224 13.5.3 Causes of stabilized rotation of electron round tubes 225 13.5.4 Radius R and length d of an electron circular tube 227 Chapter 14 Momentum Pe and mass energy εe of electrons 229 14.1 The moving mass me of an electron can be decomposed into a displacement mass mev and a spin mass meω 229 14.1.1 Moving mass me and displacement velocity v of an electron 229 14.1.2 Displacement velocity v of an electron 231 14.1.3 Displacement mass mev of the electron and spin mass meω of the electron 231 14.1.4 When the electron displacement velocity v=0, the electron's spin mass meω is equal to the electron's rest mass me0 232 14.2 Mass-energy εe of the electron 233 14.2.1 Mass-energy conversion equation for electrons 233 14.2.2 The mass energy εe of an electron can be decomposed into the spin mass energy εeω and the displacement mass energy εev 234 14.2.3 Spin mass energy of the electron εeω 234 14.2.4 Displaced mass energy of an electron εev 235 14.2.5 Kinetic energy of an electron Ee 235 14.3 Spin momentum Pmeω and displacement momentum Pmev of electrons 236 14.3.1 Definition of the electron's helical light speed momentum Pmec 236 14.3.2 Displacement momentum Pmev of an electron 237 14.4.3 Spin momentum of the electron Pmeω 237 Chapter 15 The electric charge e of an electron can be decomposed into a rotational electric charge eω and a magnetic electric charge ev 239 15.1 The electric field force FE and the magnetic field force FB are both directional forces fεh between energy elements εh 239 15.1.1 Electric charge ±e for both positive and negative electrons is generated by an electron circular tube 239 15.1.2 The same direction of rotation of the spin velocity vωA of electron eA and the spin velocity vωB of electron eB is responsible for the repulsive force between electrons eA and eB 240 15.1.3 The opposite direction of rotation of the spin velocity vωA of electron eA and the spin velocity vωB of electron eB is responsible for the repulsive force between electrons eA and eB 242 15.1.4 Conversion factor η (charge-to-mass ratio) between electric charge e and mass me of an electron 243 15.2 The electric charge e of a moving electron can be decomposed into two component charges, the rotational electric charge eω and the magnetic electric charge ev 244 15.2.1 The electric charge e of a moving electron can be decomposed into two component charges 244 15.2.2 Rotational electric charge of a moving electron eω 245 15.2.3 Derivation of the rotational electric charge equation for electrons 245 15.2.4 Relationship between the rotational electric charge eω of an electron, and the photon energy ε=h(δi+υ) absorbed by the electron 246 15.2.5 Magnetic electric charge ev of a moving electron 247 15.2.6 Relation between the magnetic electric charge ev of an electron, and the photon energy ε=h(δi+β) absorbed by the electron 248 15.3 Rotational electric charge eω' and magnetic electric charge ev' in inertial system S' 248 15.3.1 Charge-velocity equation for an electron in an inertial system S' 248 15.3.2 The electric charge e in the charge-to-mass ratio equation is the rotational electric charge of the electron eω 249 Chapter 16 electric charge energy εe=ec2 and electric charge momentum Pe=ec for electrons 251 16.1 Electric charge energy εe=ec2 of an electron 251 16.1.1 The electric charge energy εe=ec2 of an electron can be decomposed into two component electric charge energies 251 16.1.2 Rotational electric charge energy of an electron εeω 251 16.1.3 Magnetic electric charge energy εev of an electron 252 16.2 Electric charge momentum Pe=ec of an electron 252 16.2.1 Magnetic electric charge momentum Pev of an electron 252 16.2.2 Electric charge momentum of an electron Pe 253 16.2.3 Spin-charge momentum of an electron Peω 253 16.3 The essence of the current density J of a conductor is the magnetic electric charge momentum per unit volume Pρv=nev 254 16.3.1 Free electric charge density per unit volume of a conductor ρ 254 16.3.2 Spin electric charge density ρω per unit volume of a conductor 254 16.3.3 Magnetic electric charge density ρv per unit volume of a conductor 255 16.3.4 Spin electric charge momentum Pρω and magnetic electric charge momentum Pρv per unit volume of a conductor 255 16.3.5 current density J is essentially the magnetic electric charge momentum Pρv per unit volume of the conductor 256 16.3.6 Electric current I' in inertial system S' 256 16.4 Physicists incorrectly define the rate of change of electric charge dq/dt as electric current I 257 16.4.1 Electric charge momentum PS contained in free electrons in the cross-section S of the conductor 257 16.4.2 Spin electric charge momentum PSω and magnetic electric charge momentum PSv contained in the free electrons in the cross-section S of the conductor 258 16.4.3 Electric current I is essentially the magnetic electric charge momentum PSv=evnS of the free electrons contained in the cross-section S of the wire 259 16.4.4 Physicists are wrong to define the rate of change of electric charge dQ/dt as the conduction electric current I=enSv 260 Chapter 17 Derivation of Coulomb's Law 262 17.1 Positive and negative vortex fields in electric fields 262 17.1.1 Definition of electric field 262 17.1.2 Positive and negative vortex fields in electric fields 262 17.1.3 Integration of the electrostatic field polar angle β0 along the circular line LR=2πR 264 17.2 Electrostatic potential φ0 266 17.2.1 Derivation of the static electric potential equation 266 17.2.2 Integration of the static electric potential φ0 along the circular line LR=2πR 268 17.2.3 Static electric potential φ0 is a vector, not a scalar 268 17.3 Electrostatic field strength E0 269 17.3.1 Derivation of the formula for the strength of an electrostatic field 269 17.3.2 Electrostatic field lines and electrostatic field circles lines 270 17.3.3 Integration of the electrostatic field strength E0 along the circular line LR=2πR 271 17.4 Derivation of Coulomb's law 272 17.4.1 Derivation of Coulomb's law 272 17.4.2 If the distance r is held constant on the circular line LR=2πR, then the electrostatic field circuital theorem ∮E0 dl=0 is incorrect 273 17.4.3 Inconsistency between the rules for calculating the electric field circuital theorem ∮E0 dl=0 and the rules for calculating the magnetic field circuital theorem ∮Bdl=μ0 I 274 Chapter 18 Electromagnetic potential φ generated by a moving electric charge q 276 18.1 Polar angle β of the electromagnetic field produced by a moving electric charge q 276 18.1.1 Definition of the electromagnetic field vortex potential yq 276 18.1.2 Integration of the electromagnetic field vortex potential yq along the circular line LR=2πR 277 18.1.3 Definition of electromagnetic field pole angle β 278 18.1.4 Integration of the electromagnetic field polar angle β along the circular line LR=2πR 279 18.2 Electromagnetic potential φ 279 18.2.1 Derivation of the electromagnetic potential equation 279 18.2.2 Integration of the electromagnetic potential φ along the circular line LR=2πR 281 18.3 Rotational electric potential φω 282 18.3.1 The electromagnetic potential φ can be decomposed into a rotational electric potential φω and a Magnetic-electric potential φv 282 18.3.2 Derivation of the formula for the rotational electric potential φω 282 18.3.3 Integration ∮φω dl of the rotated electric potential φω along the circular line LR=2πR 284 18.4 Magnetic-electric potential φv 284 18.4.1 Derivation of the formula for the Magnetic-electric potential φv 284 18.4.2 Integration ∮φv dl of Magnetic-electric potential φv along circular line LR=2πR 286 Chapter 19 Derivation of the magnetic flux density formula for the motion electric charge q 288 19.1 The integral ∮Edl of the electromagnetic field strength E along the circular line LR=2πR 288 19.1.1 Derivation of the equation for the strength of the electromagnetic field 288 19.1.2 Integration ∮Edl of the electromagnetic field strength E along the circular line LR=2πR 290 19.2 Rotating electric field strength Eω produced by moving electric charge q 291 19.2.1 The electromagnetic field strength E can be decomposed into two component electric field strengths 291 19.2.2 Definition of rotating electric field strength Eω 292 19.2.3 Curl ∇×φω of rotating electric potential strength φω equals rotating electric field strength Eω 293 19.2.4 The magnitude of the electrostatic field strength E0' on the ground changes periodically 294 19.2.5 The rate of change dφω/dt of the rotating electric potential is equal to the time-varying rotating electric field strength Eω 295 19.3 Derivation of the magnetic flux density formula for the motion electric charge q 296 19.3.1 Definition of Magnetic-electric field strength Ev 296 19.3.2 Magnetic-electric field strength lines and Magnetic-electric field strength circles lines 297 19.3.3 Negative Curl -∇×φv of Magnetic-electric potential φv equals Magnetic-electric field strength Ev 298 19.3.4 Derivation of magnetic flux density formulae 299 19.3.5 Classification of electromagnetic field strengths 300 19.4 Magnetic flux density line and magnetic flux density circular line (Magnetic induction line) 300 19.4.1 Definition of magnetic flux density line 300 19.4.2 Magnetic induction line is essentially a magnetic flux density circular line 302 19.4.3 Integration ∮Bdl of magnetic flux density B along circular line LR=2πR 302 19.4.4 Magnetic flux density lines and magnetic induction lines produced by electric current I 303 19.5 The displacement velocity v of the energy element εh is a prerequisite for the production of the magnetic field B 304 19.5.1 The plane defined by the electric charge velocity v and radius r is the interface dividing the N and S poles of the magnetic field 304 19.5.2 The displacement velocity v of the energy element εh is a prerequisite for the production of the magnetic field B 305 19.5.3 The magnetic force FI on an energized wire L in a horseshoe magnet can be explained using the directional force axiom for the energy element εh 306 Chapter 20 Derivation of the formula FB=qvB∙sinδ for the Lorentz magnetic force 309 20.1 Derivation of the formula for the electromagnetic field force FEB 309 20.1.1 Magnetic-electric field force Fv between moving electric charges q1 and q2 309 20.1.2 Rotating electric field force Fω between moving electric charge q1 and q2 311 20.1.3 Absence of electric field force between magnetic electric charge qv and rotating electric charge qω 312 20.1.4 Equation for the electromagnetic field force of a moving electric charge q 313 20.2 The spin velocity vω of a moving electron is a prerequisite for the generation of the rotational electric field force Fω 315 20.2.1 Rotating electric charge qω produces a rotating electric field force Fω is the electric field force of motion 315 20.2.2 The spin velocity vω of a moving electron is a prerequisite for the generation of the rotational electric field force Fω 317 20.2.3 The magnitude of the electrostatic field force F0' on the ground changes periodically 317 20.3 Derivation of the Lorentz force equation 318 20.3.1 Motion electric charge q1 and q2 produce a magnetic field force FB equal to the Magnetic-electric field force Fv 318 20.3.2 Derivation of the Lorentz force formula FB=qvB∙sinδ 321 20.3.3 Reasons why electrons in atoms do not radiate electromagnetic waves 323 Chapter 21 Biot-Savart Law and Ampere's law and the derivation of the Hall effect equation 325 21.1 Electromagnetic field strength EI0 generated by electric current I 325 21.1.1 Rotational electric charge qωI and magnetic electric charge qvI contained in current element Idl 325 21.1.2 Rotational electric charge qωS and magnetic electric charge qvS contained in the conductor cross-section S 325 21.1.3 Electromagnetic field strength EI0 generated by electric current I 326 21.2 Derivation of the Biot-Savart Law 327 21.2.1 Electromagnetic field EI generated by current element Idl 327 21.2.2 Rotating electric field strength EIω generated by current element Idl 327 21.2.3 Derivation of the Biot-Savart Law 328 21.3 Derivation of Ampere's law 329 21.3.1 Rotational electric field force Fqω between current element I1 dl1 and I2 dl2 329 21.3.2 Magnetic-electric field force FIv between current element I1 dl1 and I2 dl2 331 21.3.3 Derivation of Ampere's law 331 21.3.4 Derivation of the amperometric force equation F=BIL sinδ 332 21.3.5 Electrostatic field force F0I on energized wire L in a uniform electrostatic field E0 333 21.4 Derivation of the Hall effect equation 334 21.4.1 Lorentz force FBe on a moving electron -e in a uniform magnetic field B 334 21.4.2 Lorentz force FB contained in energized cross section S=hd 335 21.4.3 Derivation of a new Hall effect equation 336 21.4.4 New Hall coefficient equation 337 Chapter 22 Theoretical proof that Gauss's law ∯BdS=0 for magnetic fields is wrong 340 22.1 Electric flux ΦE through Wang's circular crown SW=2πRr 340 22.1.1 Derivation of Gauss's law for electrostatic fields 340 22.1.2 Electric flux ΦE produced by motion electric charge q 341 22.1.3 Electric flux ΦE through Wang's circular crown SW=2πRr 342 22.1.4 Equation for electric field flux expressed using distance Z 343 22.2 Rotational electric flux ΦEω and magnetic electric flux ΦEv 344 22.2.1 The electric flux ΦE can be decomposed into two component electric fluxes 344 22.2.2 Derivation of the rotating electric flux equation 344 22.2.3 Gauss's law for rotating electric fields 345 22.2.4 Derivation of magnetic electric flux equations 345 22.2.5 Gauss's law for Magnetic-electric fields 346 22.3 Gauss's law ∯BdS=0 for magnetic fields is an erroneous theoretical proof 347 22.3.1 Gauss's law for the electric field E in Maxwell's system of equations is Gauss's law for the rotating electric field Eω 347 22.3.2 Derivation of the new magnetic flux formula 349 22.3.3 Gauss's law A = 0 for magnetic fields is an erroneous theoretical proof 350 Chapter 23 Derivation of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction 352 23.1 Derivation of the static field induction equation 352 23.1.1 Electromotive force ε equals the integral of the electrostatic field E0t along the curve L 352 23.1.2 Linear electromotive force εLE0 generated by electrostatic field E0t 353 23.1.3 Derivation of the electrostatic field E0t 354 23.1.4 The process by which physicists derive the electromagnetic wave equation is unscientific and unreasonable 355 23.1.5 Flux electromotive force εSE0 for electrostatic field E0t 357 23.1.6 Effect of distance Z variation on static flux electromotive force εSE0 358 23.1.7 Derivation of the electrostatic field induction equation 359 23.2 Derivation of the induction formula for time-varying electromagnetic fields 360 23.2.1 Linear electromotive force εLEt for a time-varying electromagnetic field Et (q,r,v) 360 23.2.2 Derivation of the time-varying electromagnetic field formula Et 361 23.2.3 Flux electromotive force εSE for time-varying electromagnetic field Et 363 23.2.4 Derivation of the induction formula for time-varying electromagnetic fields 365 23.2.5 Effect of distance Z variation on flux electromotive force εSE 366 23.3 Derivation of the rotating electric field induction formula 367 23.3.1 Linear rotation electromotive force εLEω 367 23.3.2 Derivation of the time-varying rotating electric field formula Eωt 369 23.3.3 Flux electromotive force εSEω for rotating electric field Eωt (q,r,v) 370 23.3.4 Derivation of the rotating electric field induction formula 371 23.4 Derivation of the Magnetic-electric field induction formula 372 23.4.1 Linear electromotive force for Magnetic-electric fields εLEv 372 23.4.2 Derivation of the time-varying Magnetic-electric field Evt 373 23.4.3 Flux electromotive force of Magnetic-electric field εSEv 375 23.4.4 Derivation of the Magnetic-electric field induction formula 376 23.4.5 Effect of change in distance Z on magnetic flux electromotive force 377 23.5 Derivation of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction εB=n∬∂B/∂t dS 378 23.5.1 Derivation of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction ∮Evt∙dl=-∬∂B/∂t dS 378 23.5.2 Dynamic electromotive force and induced electromotive force 379 23.5.3 Derivation of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction εB=-n∬∂B/∂t dS 380 Chapter 24 Derivation of the electromagnetic wave equation 382 24.1 Time-varying electromagnetic field Et described by vector potential A and scalar potential φ 382 24.1.1 Physicist-defined equations for time-varying electromagnetic fields 382 24.1.2 Physicist-defined scalar potential φ 383 24.1.3 Gauge transformation theory for vector potentials A and scalar potentials φ 384 24.2 Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction ∮Et∙dl=-∬∂B/∂t dS is false 385 24.2.1 The time-varying electromagnetic field Et contains the electric field E and the magnetic field B 385 24.2.2 Derivation of the vector potential A =-φv /c equation 386 24.2.3 Theoretical proof of the nonexistence of the time-varying electromagnetic field Et = -∇φ-∂A/∂t 387 24.2.4 Modifications to Faraday's formula for electromagnetic induction ∮Et dl= -∬∂B/∂t dS 388 24.3 Derivation of the electromagnetic wave equation 390 24.3.1 Divergence ∇∙Et =0 of the time-varying electromagnetic field Et in the cosmic vacuum 390 24.3.2 Wave equation for the electromagnetic field Et 390 Chapter 25 displacement current ID=ε0∬∂E0/∂t dS does not exist 392 25.1 Derivation of Ampere circuital theorem ∮Bdl=μ0 I 392 25.1.1 Circular line integral of magnetic flux density B 392 25.1.2 Magnetic flux density dB generated by current element Idl at point P 393 25.1.3 The magnetic flux density B generated by the energized wire DAC at point P and the integral ∮Bdl of the magnetic field B along the circular line LR=2πR 394 25.1.4 Derivation of the Ampere circuital theorem ∮Bdl=μ0 I 395 25.2 Errors in Maxwell-Ampere's law 396 25.2.1 The derivation of Maxwell-Ampere's law 396 25.2.2 Maxwell-Ampere's law is contradictory inside the two parallel pole plates of a capacitor 399 25.2.3 Errors in the displacement current ID derivation process 399 25.2.4 Using the rate of change ∬∂E0/∂t dS of electric flux can prove that the equation displacement current ID=ε0∬∂E0/∂t dS is wrong 401 25.2.5 Using the time-varying magnetic field B it can be shown that the displacement current ID=ε0∬∂E0/∂t dS formula is wrong 403 Reference 404